Julius Caesar - Class 8th

 

Julius Caesar

📚 Click/Tap Here

Questions

1. Why did a certain party of Romans wish to kill Julius Caesar?
Ans: Some Romans were jealous of Caesar’s growing power. They feared he might be made king at the National Games. That is why they wanted to kill him.

2. Why did Calpurnia beg Caesar not to go to the Capitol?
Ans: Calpurnia had a dream where she saw Caesar’s statue flowing with blood like a fountain. Many Romans were washing their hands in it and smiling. She thought it was a bad sign and felt Caesar’s life was in danger. So she begged him not to go to the Capitol.

Q3. What two reasons did Anthony give to show that Caesar was not ambitious?
Ans: First, Caesar always showed kindness towards the poor. Second, he declined the crown when it was offered to him.

Q4. Why was Brutus's decision to march from Sardis to Philippi wrong?
Ans: Brutus’s decision was wrong because by leaving Sardis, his army lost the advantage of fighting from higher ground. On the other hand, Octavius and Antony had strong defensive positions and their troops were fresh and well-rested. As a result, Brutus and Cassius’s army was easily defeated.

Q5. Why has Brutus been called 'noblest Roman of them all'?

Ans: The other conspirators killed Caesar because they were jealous of his power, but Brutus did it only for his love for Rome and its people. His reason was honest and for the welfare of the people. That is why he is called the noblest Roman of them all.

Language Work

1. Match the words on the left with the words on right to form common collocations.

Collocations: A collocation means a natural combination of words that are often used together in a language.

For example:
✅ Make a mistake (correct, natural)

Types of Collocations:
Adjective + Noun → strong tea, heavy rain
Verb + Noun → make money, commit a crime
Noun + Noun → a surge of anger
Adverb + Adjective → deeply concerned
Verb + Adverb → speak fluently, apologize sincerely

Why Collocations are Important?
They make English sound natural and fluent.
They help in better understanding of real usage.

⚡So, collocation = natural word partnership.

Ans: 

word → ethic

wide → open

well → aware

great → success

vitally → important

Grammar Work

Additional Defines:

1. Clause: A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb.

Example: 

She sings.

I went to school.

2. Noun Clause: A noun clause works like a noun in a sentence. It can be the subject or object.

Exmaple:

I know that she is honest.

3. Adjective Clause: An adjective clause describes a noun (just like an adjective does). It tells more about a person, place, or thing.

Example:

The boy who is wearing a blue shirt is my friend.

('who is wearing a blue shirt' describes the boy.

4. Adverb Clause: An adverb clause tells when, where, why, or how something happens.

Example:

I will call you when I reach home.

5. Finite Verb: A finite verb is a verb that shows tense (Past, Present, or Future) and changes with the subject.

Example:

She plays football.

They play football. 

6. Non-Finite / Infinite Verb: An infinite verb (also called non-finite verb) is a verb that does not show tense and does not change with the subject.

It usually comes in three forms:

a). to + verb (Infinitive Form):

I like to read.

She likes to read.

b). -ing form (Present Participle / Gerund):

I like reading.

She likes reading.

c). Past Participle Form (V3)

The broken door needs to be repaired.
The broken doors need to be repaired.

7. Compound Sentence:

A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses joined by and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet.

Example:

I wanted to go out, but it started raining.

Q. Can a compound sentence be joined by “because”?

Ans: No, a compound sentence is not usually joined by “because”.

Here’s why:
A compound sentence joins two independent clauses (clauses that can stand alone as sentences) using coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet.

“Because” is a subordinating conjunction, which makes one clause dependent on the other. That creates a complex sentence, not a compound sentence.

Example:
Compound: I wanted to go out, but it started raining. ✅
Complex: I stayed inside because it started raining. ✅ (Here, “because it started raining” cannot stand alone.)

So if you see because, you are usually dealing with a complex sentence, not a compound sentence.

8. Complex Sentence:

A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate) clauses. The dependent clause is usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction like because, although, if, when, since, while, etc.

Example:
I stayed home because it was raining.
I stayed home → independent clause (can stand alone)
because it was raining → dependent clause (cannot stand alone)

9. Coordinate Clause:

A coordinate clause is one of two or more clauses of equal importance in a compound sentence. These clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet.

Example:
I went to the market, and I bought some vegetables.
I went to the market → coordinate clause
I bought some vegetables → coordinate clause
Joined by and

In simple terms: a coordinate clause is a main clause that is linked to another main clause to form a compound sentence.

💡 Quick Check

Q: What kind of clause is a coordinate clause — main or subordinate?
Ans: It is a main (independent) clause joined to another main clause by a coordinating conjunction.

10. Principal Clause (Main/Independent Clause): 

A clause that expresses a complete idea and can stand on its own as a sentence. 

Example: 

He tames animals → This is a complete sentence

11. Subordinate Clause (Dependent Clause):

A clause that does not make complete sense on its own. It depends on the principal clause to complete its meaning. 

Example: 

because he is fond of them → This cannot stand alone. It needs the main clause to make full sense.

State which of the following sentences are compound and which are complex. Then divide each sentence into its respective clauses:

Ans: 

1. God made the country and man made the town. → Compound

2. He tried hard but he did not succeed. → Compound

3. I'm the child of the ocean and this is my lot. → Compound

4. He tames animals because he is fond of them. → Complex

     He tames animals → Principal Clause

     because is fond of them → Subordinate Clause

5. Though I had not seen Nora since she was a small baby, we were soon friends. → Complex

     Though I had not seen Nora → Subordinate Clause

     since she was a small baby → Subordinate Clause

     we were soon friends → Principal Clause

6. About half of the humanity relies on the freshwater that accumulates in mountainous regions like the Himalayas. → Complex

     About half of the humanity relies on the freshwater → Principal Clause

     that accumulates in mountainous regions like the Himalayas → Subordinate Clause

7. These things are beyond all understanding and I do fear them. → Compound

8. When the sun shines immediately after rainfall, it looks very pleasant. → Complex

     When the sun shines immediately after rainfall → Subordinate Clause

     it looks very pleasant → Principal Clause

9. Unless Rustum is killed, our armies can never hope to see victory. → Complex

     Unless Rustum is killed → Subordinate Clause

     our armies can never hope to see victory → Principal Clause

10. He was so poor that he and his wife had to remain hungry for days together. → Complex

      He was so poor → Principal Clause

      that he and his wife had to remain hungry for days together → Subordinate Clause

Complete the following by supplying a suitable clause:

1. God made the country and man spoiled it.

2. He studied hard but he did not succeed.

3. I'm the child of the ocean and I bring rain.

4. He collects different stamps because he is fond of them.

5. Though I had not seen Nora since she was a small baby, I could easily recognise her.

6. About half of the humanity relies on the freshwater that we can get in the mountaneous region.

7. These things are beyond all understanding and I don't believe them.

8. When full moon shines in the sky, it looks very pleasant.

9. Unless Rustum is killed, we can't hope to defeat the enemy.

10. He was so poor that he could not get education in his life.