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CYBERBULLYING

Cyberbullying - Causes, Effects and Prevention
Cyberbullying का मतलब है किसी को मोबाइल, कंप्यूटर या इंटरनेट के ज़रिये परेशान करना, बुरा कहना, बदनाम करना या धमकाना।

Meaning of Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying means bullying someone using digital devices like mobile phones, computers, or the internet. It includes sending hurtful messages, spreading fake information, sharing embarrassing (शर्मनाक, लज्जाजनक) photos or videos, or insulting someone on social media. In simple words, cyberbullying is when someone uses technology to harm or trouble another person.

Causes of Cyberbullying
There are several reasons why cyberbullying happens. One major cause is the easy availability of smartphones and internet access. Many people feel safe hiding behind a screen, so they misbehave without fear of getting caught. Sometimes, students do it due to jealousy, anger, or to show off in front of friends.

Effects of Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying can have very harmful effects on a person. It can make the victim feel scared, stressed, or lonely. Many students lose confidence and start avoiding social activities or even school. It can seriously affect mental health and lead to sadness, anxiety, and poor performance in studies.

Prevention of Cyberbullying
Stopping cyberbullying requires teamwork among students, parents, teachers, and society. Students should think carefully before posting anything online and avoid sharing personal details. If someone gets hurtful messages, they should not reply. Instead, they should block the person and report the bully. Parents need to talk openly with their children about their online life and guide them on safe internet use. Schools can conduct awareness programs to teach the importance of respectful online behaviour.

Conclusion
Cyberbullying is a serious problem in today’s digital world. Understanding its meaning, knowing why it happens, and learning how to prevent it can help us create a safer online space. With awareness, responsibility, and kindness, we can protect ourselves and others from cyberbullying and make the internet a positive place for everyone.

NEW EDUCATION POLICY

Introduction
The New Education Policy (NEP) was introduced by the Indian government in 2020. It brings many changes to the old education system. The main aim of NEP is to improve the quality of education and make learning more interesting and useful for students.

Changes in School Education
Under NEP, the school structure has changed from 10+2 to 5+3+3+4. This means more focus will be given to early childhood education. Students will learn through fun activities in the early years. From Class 6, students will also learn about work and skills like coding.

Focus on Language and Skills
NEP gives importance to learning in the mother tongue or regional language till Class 5. It also helps students improve their thinking, creativity, and problem-solving skills. Vocational training will be added to make students ready for future jobs.

Exams and Assessment
NEP suggests that exams should test understanding, not just memory. Students will get regular feedback. Report cards will also tell about their behavior, skills, and interests, not only marks.

Conclusion
The New Education Policy is a big step towards better education. It focuses on all-round development of students. If followed properly, it will make learning more joyful and help students become confident and capable citizens.

MY HOBBY

Introduction
A hobby is something we do in our free time for fun. It helps us relax and enjoy. Everyone has different hobbies like dancing, reading, painting, or playing games. My hobby is reading books.

Why I Like Reading
I enjoy reading because it takes me to a different world. Books are my best friends. They teach me new things, improve my language, and make me think. I read storybooks, comics, and sometimes even poems.

What I Read
I like to read books about adventure, magic, and real-life heroes. My favorite book is Harry Potter. I also enjoy reading short stories from school library books. Sometimes I read newspapers to know what’s happening around me.

Benefits of My Hobby
Reading helps me improve my vocabulary and grammar. It also makes me a better speaker and writer. When I read, I learn about different people, cultures, and ideas. It keeps my mind active and sharp.

Conclusion
Reading is a hobby that gives me joy and knowledge. It never makes me feel bored. I think everyone should have a hobby. It keeps us happy and helps us grow. I will continue reading and make it a part of my life forever.

IMPORTANCE OF GAMES AND SPORTS

Games and sports are a very necessary part of our life. They keep us healthy. They refresh our weary minds. They are useful both for our mind and body. Physically we become healthy. Mentally we become disciplined. 

Games give us wisdom and courage. They make us bold and confident. They develop in us a spirit of cooperation. They teach us to fight in a healthy spirit. 

A sportsman fights with his rival in the playground, but he has no ill-will against him. In short, games help to make us good citizens. Our education is incomplete without them.

USES AND ABUSES OF INTERNET

Today we have the internet and the cellphones. Today more and more people use the internet for all sorts (प्रकार) of information (जानकारी). They play games on the internet, get news, shop online and get health information. The internet can help us to know and understand (जानना) the problems faced by the country.

Through online teaching, the internet can help in eradicating (जड़ से उखाड़ना) illiteracy (निरक्षरता). The internet is the fastest, the easiest and the cheapest (सबसे सस्ता) medium (माध्यम) of instruction (निर्देश, शिक्षा). And without having to travel to other countries, we can remain in contact with anyone, anywhere, anytime in the world. 

At the same time, there are also some abuses (दुरुपयोग, दुष्प्रयोग) of the internet. Through (द्वारा) internet, hackers manage to have access (पहुँच) to the essential (आवश्यक) information of ours. The majority (ज़्यादातर) of young boys and girls use chat system for meaningless (व्यर्थ) conversation (बातचीत). Thus they waste their precious (कीमती) time by using the internet. So, we need to make the best use of the internet.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Environmental pollution is the biggest problem facing the modern man. All advancements become useless if man does not get the basic necessities of life i.e. fresh and pure air. And only trees can do this service to man.

Unluckily man in his ignorance and greed has destroyed forests. There was a time when 50% of the Indian soil was covered with forests but now it is reduced to a mere 8%. Only recently our government has became aware of this problem.

Various steps have been taken to keep the environment free from pollution. More attention is being paid to afforestation. The unauthorized felling of trees is being checked.

In fact, environment awareness is a social necessity. It is not only the duty of government, but also a social responsibility of each one of us to help in keeping the environment free from pollution.

MY FAVOURITE LEADER

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi often called the Father of Nation was a great leader who fought for India's freedom from British Rule. He believed in non-violence. Every year on October 2nd, Mahatma Gandhi's birthday is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti.

 

Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd of October, 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. He was unlike other boys. he was very gentle. He loved truth. He respected his teachers. After doing law he started practice in India. He did not take up false cases. 

He went to Africa to fight a case. There he saw the poor conditions of Indians. The English treated them badly. Gandhiji fought for their rights for ten years. Then he came back to India. He fought for the freedom of India.

He got India free for us in 1947. A mad person shot him dead on January 30, 1948. Though he is no more among us, I yet consider him my favourite leader.

IMPORTANCE OF DISCIPLINE

Discipline means training the mind and character. It is a training to live in accordance with rules. It is a physical, mental and moral training. Discipline is the basis of whole universe.

To keep harmony in the universe, everything in nature is governed by some laws. Discipline is needed for the happiness and welfare of all. It puts some checks on our freedom. If everybody did what he wanted, there would be complete disorder in the world.

Without discipline, no civilized life is possible. Discipline is very necessary for the strength of an individual as well as of a nation. No work of progress is possible in the absence of discipline. Any house without discipline will surely go to the dogs.

The head of a family won't be able to run his family if its members don't maintain discipline. In fact, discipline is necessary in every field of society. Otherwise, there bound to be confusion, disorder and chaos. 

WOMEN EDUCATION

Until a few years ago, no attention was paid to women education in the country. It was even considered undesirable to educate the girl child. But now with the spread of general awareness, the attitude of people has begun to change. 

The government of country has also played a vital role in this direction. Schemes like Sarva Shikha Abhiyan, CBSE Scholarship to single girl child and government's policy of giving free education to girls has come as a boon for the society.

Now girls have proved that they are not less than boys in any field. Most of the top positions in all Board and University examinations are captured by the girls. India can never be able to march ahead with other developed nations of the world if all of her population deprived of the benefits of education.

In fact, educating girls are more important than educating boys because it has been rightly said that if we educate a man, we educate a person, but if we educate a woman, we educate the whole family and a nation. The good start has already been made and it must be continued with greater acceleration.

THE EVILS OF DOWRY SYSTEM

Dowry system (दहेज प्रथा) is a big social evil. It is a stigma (कलंक) on our society. It is a matter of shame for men. The parents of marriageable (विवाह-योग्य) girls keep searching for a suitable boy for a long time. They look for a family where they do not have to give a dowry. This leads to the late marriages of the girls, especially those from poor families.

The rich parents can somehow (जैसे तैसे) meet the demands, but the poor parents have to suffer a lot. Many girls are unable to get married, some of them even commit suicide. Thus the greed for dowry has taken the lives of many innocent (मासूम) girls.

Even (यहाँ तक की) after the marriage, many girls are tortured (सताना, अत्याचार) physically as well as mentally. Many a time, they are burnt alive. Though we have a law which disallows the giving and taking of dowry, yet this evil (बुराई) is spreading day by day.

We can't end it merely (केवल) by shouting slogans (नारे) and holding demonstrations (प्रदर्शन). Women will have to become bold. They should have education and become economically (आर्थिक रूप से) self dependent. They should refuse to marry dowry seekers. Young men should also try to wash off this dirty stigma (कलंक, लांछन). They should take a vow (शपथ, कसम) not to demand or accept any dowry at the time of their marriage.

It is only by exercising (प्रयोग करना) a strong willpower (इच्छा शक्ति) that this evil can be ended. The parents should be encouraged to perform simple marriages where the dowry demands do not raise their dirty head.

USES AND ABUSES OF INTERNET

Introduction: Internet is a global computer network. It connects other networks and computers around the world. It is a speedy transmitting system of information. 

History: The history of internet goes back to 1960s. Then a US-Army-Funded research project discovered internet technology. It began to be used in a very limited way in 1980s with the support of some public universities and private companies.

How it works: Internet is a global network of computers. It works through a routing network in accordance with the Internet Protocol (IP), the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and other protocols. Through the help of a modem, a man can get a link to the internet either through his smartphone or computer. 

Uses of Internet: Today we live in a world that is enveloped by communication technology. We have the internet and the cell phones. Today, more and more youths use the internet and they log on to it for all sorts of information. They play games on the internet, get news, shop online and get health information.

The internet can help to know and understand the problems faced by the country. We can then communicate with others through the internet and put in united efforts to solve those problems. 

The internet has proved very helpful during the lockdowns when the pandemic COVID-19 hit the world. It helps the students by providing them online classes. 

The internet is the fastest, the easiest and the cheapest medium of instructions without having travel to other countries. We can remain in contact with anyone, anywhere, anytime in the world.

In short, we can say that the internet can help the youth to make this world a peaceful family and living in complete harmony (एकता).

Abuses of Internet: As there are many uses and advantages of the internet, it also has some abuses and disadvantages. Misuse of the internet has the potential to be harmful. The majority of young boys and girls use chat system for meaningless conversation. Thus, they waste their precious time using the internet. So, it is necessary to cultivate awareness.

Conclusion: Internet is regarded as the foundation of the modern world. So, we need to make the best use of the internet.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

Environment means the natural conditions (eg. land, air and water) in which we live. Pollution means making something dirty or impure, especially by adding harmful and unpleasant substances. the environmental pollution means making our land, air and water so dirty and impure that they become harmful for us. For example we pollute our rivers with chemical wastes from factories. We pollute the air with smoke from chimneys and automobiles. We pollute our atmosphere with the noise of horns and loud speakers.

Environmental pollution is the biggest problem facing by the modern man. All advancement become useless if man doe not get very basic necessity of life i.e. fresh and pure air. And only trees can do this service to man. Unluckily man, in his ignorance and greed, has destroyed the forests. There was a time when 50% of the Indian soil was covered with forests. But not it is reduced to mere 8%. Only recently, our government has become aware of this problem.

Various steps have been taken to keep the environment free from pollution. More attention is being paid to afforestation. The unauthorized felling of trees is being checked. Scientists are developing methods to minimize the effect of smoke let out by our chimneys and automobiles.

In fact, environment awareness is a social necessity. It is not only the duty of the government but also a social responsibility of each one of us to help in keeping the environment free from pollution.

MY FAVOURITE LEADER

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi often called the Father of Nation was a great leader who fought for India's freedom from British Rule. He believed in non-violence. Every year on October 2nd, Mahatma Gandhi's birthday is celebrated as Gandhi Jayanti to honour his efforts in freeing India.

 

Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd of October, 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. He was unlike other boys. he was very gentle. He loved truth. He respected his teachers. After doing law he started practice in India. He did not take up false cases. 

He went to Africa to fight a case. There he saw the poor conditions of Indians. The English treated them badly. Gandhiji fought for their rights for ten years. Then he came back to India. He fought for the freedom of India. He gave us a new way of fighting. It was called 'ahimsa'. It was more powerful than violence.

He got India free for us in 1947. He was a real Mahatma. He led a very simple life. He is called the Father of our Nation. A mad person shot him dead on January 30, 1948. Though he is no more among us, I yet consider him my favourite leader.