Modals
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Modals
● Modals are helping verbs that are used with the main verb.● They show ability, possibility, permission, necessity, advice, certainty, obligation, habits, etc.
● They do not change with subject (no -s or -es in he/she/it).
● They are always followed by the base form of the main verb.
● They do not change with subject (no -s or -es in he/she/it).
● They are always followed by the base form of the main verb.
👉 Example:
Ability (योग्यता / क्षमता) She can dance very well.
Possibility (संभावना)
It may rain today.
Permission (अनुमति)
You may go now.
Necessity (आवश्यकता / ज़रूरत)
You must wear a helmet.
Advice (सलाह)
You should eat healthy food.
Certainty (निश्चितता / यक़ीन)
He must have reached home by now.
Obligation (कर्तव्य / मजबूरी)
I have to finish this work today.
Habits (आदत)
He used to play cricket every evening.
Compulsion (मजबूरी / विवशता)
She had to tell the truth.
She had to tell the truth.
Modal Helping Verbs
1. Can – सकता है (ability, permission, possibility)
2. Could – सका / पाया, सकता था (past ability, polite request, possibility)
3. Could have – सकता था (लेकिन किया नहीं)
4. May – सकता है / हो सकता है (permission, possibility, wish)
5. Might – सकता है / हो सकता था [less possibility (present/future) / possibility in past]
6. May have – हो सकता है कि (strong possibility in past)
2. Could – सका / पाया, सकता था (past ability, polite request, possibility)
3. Could have – सकता था (लेकिन किया नहीं)
4. May – सकता है / हो सकता है (permission, possibility, wish)
5. Might – सकता है / हो सकता था [less possibility (present/future) / possibility in past]
6. May have – हो सकता है कि (strong possibility in past)
7. Might have – हो सकता था कि (weaker possibility in past, doubt, less certain guess)
8. Should – चाहिए (advice, duty)
9. Should have – चाहिए था / करना चाहिए था (लेकिन किया नहीं)
10. Must – चाहिए (ज़रूर/अनिवार्यता) (necessity, strong advice, certainty)
11. Must have – ज़रूर किया होगा (past certainty)
9. Should have – चाहिए था / करना चाहिए था (लेकिन किया नहीं)
10. Must – चाहिए (ज़रूर/अनिवार्यता) (necessity, strong advice, certainty)
11. Must have – ज़रूर किया होगा (past certainty)
12. Ought to – करना चाहिए (formal/moral duty)
13. Ought to have – करना चाहिए था (but didn’t do)
14. Has to – करना है / करना पड़ता है
15. Have to – करना है / करना पड़ता है
16. Had to – करना था / करना पड़ता था / करना पड़ा (past necessity)
17. Shall – करूंगा/करेंगे (formal, offer, suggestion, determination)
18. Will – करेगा/करेंगे (future, promise, certainty)13. Ought to have – करना चाहिए था (but didn’t do)
14. Has to – करना है / करना पड़ता है
15. Have to – करना है / करना पड़ता है
16. Had to – करना था / करना पड़ता था / करना पड़ा (past necessity)
17. Shall – करूंगा/करेंगे (formal, offer, suggestion, determination)
19. Would – करता / करता था / करता अगर … / करेगा कहा था / करेंगे / चाहेंगे / होगा (Polite Request / Offer / Imaginary / Unreal situations / Past Habit / Likelihood / Assumption)
20. Will have to – करना पड़ेगा (future necessity)
21. Will be able to – करने में सक्षम होगा (future ability)
22. Would like to – करना पसंद करूंगा/करना चाहूंगा (polite wish)
23. Used to – किया करता था (past habit)
24. Need – ज़रूरत है (necessity)
25. Needs – ज़रूरत है (3rd person singular)
26. Needed – ज़रूरत थी (past necessity)
27. Dare to – हिम्मत करना / हिम्मत करता है (challenge)
22. Would like to – करना पसंद करूंगा/करना चाहूंगा (polite wish)
23. Used to – किया करता था (past habit)
24. Need – ज़रूरत है (necessity)
25. Needs – ज़रूरत है (3rd person singular)
26. Needed – ज़रूरत थी (past necessity)
27. Dare to – हिम्मत करना / हिम्मत करता है (challenge)
28. Dares to – हिम्मत करता है
29. Dared to – हिम्मत की
👉 Remember Easily:
The main Modals are:
Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Must, Ought to, Need, Dare, Used to.
✨ We also use their other forms like – could have, should have, must have, might have, may have etc.
29. Dared to – हिम्मत की
👉 Remember Easily:
The main Modals are:
Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Must, Ought to, Need, Dare, Used to.
✨ We also use their other forms like – could have, should have, must have, might have, may have etc.
Rules & Usage
1. Can – सकता / सकता है
- Uses: Ability, Permission, Possibility
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + can + V1
- Negative: Subject + cannot / can’t + V1
- Interrogative: Can + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Can + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + can + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + can + Subject + not + V1?
- Affirmative (Ability): She can swim. → वह तैर सकती है।
- Negative (Possibility): It can’t rain today. → आज बारिश नहीं हो सकती।
- Interrogative (Permission): Can I borrow your pen? → क्या मैं तुम्हारा पेन ले सकता हूँ?
- Interrogative Negative (Ability): Can’t she solve the sum? → क्या वह यह सवाल नहीं हल कर सकती?
- WH-Interrogative (Possibility): Where can we stay? → हम कहाँ ठहर सकते हैं?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Permission): Why can’t I enter now? → मैं अब क्यों नहीं आ सकता?
2. Could – सका / पाया, सकता था, करेंगे (विनम्र निवेदन)
- Uses: Past Ability, Polite Request (present/future), Possibility
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + could + V1
- Negative: Subject + could not / couldn’t + V1
- Interrogative: Could + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Could + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + could + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + could + Subject + not + V1?
- Affirmative (Past Ability): He could run fast. → वह तेज दौड़ सकता था।
- Negative (Possibility): It couldn’t rain yesterday. → कल बारिश नहीं हो सकती थी।
- Interrogative (Past Ability / Polite Request): Could you help me? → क्या आप मेरी मदद कर सकते थे/करेंगे?
- Interrogative Negative (Past Ability): Couldn’t she speak English? → क्या वह अंग्रेज़ी नहीं बोल सकती थी?
- WH-Interrogative (Possibility): Where could they go? → वे कहाँ जा सकते थे?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Polite Request): Why couldn’t he come? → वह क्यों नहीं आ सका?
3. Could have – सकता था (लेकिन किया नहीं)
- Uses: Past Ability or Past Possibility that did not happen
- Verb form: V3
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + could have + V3
- Negative: Subject + could not have / couldn’t have + V3
- Interrogative: Could + Subject + have + V3?
- Interrogative Negative: Could + Subject + not + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + could + Subject + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + could + Subject + not + have + V3?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Past Ability/Past Possibility that did not happen): He could have won. → वह जीत सकता था (लेकिन जीत नहीं पाया)।
- Negative (Past Ability/Past Possibility that did not happen): She couldn’t have done this. → वह यह काम नहीं कर सकती थी।
- Interrogative (Past Ability/Past Possibility that did not happen): Could they have solved the problem? → क्या वे समस्या हल कर सकते थे?
- Interrogative Negative (Past Ability/Past Possibility that did not happen): Couldn’t he have helped you? → क्या उसने तुम्हारी मदद नहीं की होगी? (होगी = past possibility)
- WH-Interrogative (Past Ability/Past Possibility that did not happen): Where could she have gone? → वह कहाँ गई होगी?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Past Ability/Past Possibility that did not happen): Why couldn’t he have completed it? → उसने इसे क्यों पूरा नहीं किया होगा? (होगा = past possibility)
4. May – सकता है / हो सकता है
- Uses: Permission, Possibility, Wish/Blessing
- Verb form: V1
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + may + V1
- Negative: Subject + may not + V1
- Interrogative: May + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: May + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + may + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + may + Subject + not + V1?
Examples:
5. Might – सकता है / हो सकता था
- Affirmative (Permission): You may go. → तुम जा सकते हो।
- Negative (Possibility): He may not come. → वह शायद न आए।
- Interrogative (Permission): May I come in? → क्या मैं अंदर आ सकता हूँ?
- Interrogative Negative (Possibility): May he not succeed? → क्या वह सफल नहीं हो सकता?
- WH-Interrogative (Permission / Possibility): Where may we sit? → हम कहाँ बैठ सकते हैं?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Permission): Why may I not join? → मैं क्यों नहीं जुड़ सकता?
- Affirmative (Wish): May you live long! → भगवान करे तुम लंबी उम्र जियो।
5. Might – सकता है / हो सकता था
- Uses: Weak Possibility, Past Possibility, Polite Suggestion
- Verb form: V1
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + might + V1
- Negative: Subject + might not / mightn’t + V1
- Interrogative: Might + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Might + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + might + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + might + Subject + not + V1?
Examples:
6. May have – हो सकता है कि / हो सकता था
- Affirmative (Weak Possibility): It might rain. → बारिश हो सकती है।
- Affirmative (Past Possibility): It might have rained yesterday. → कल बारिश हो सकती थी।
- Negative (Possibility): He might not come. → वह शायद न आए।
- Interrogative (Polite Suggestion): Might I ask a question? → क्या मैं एक प्रश्न पूछ सकता हूँ?
- Interrogative Negative (Possibility): Might she not join us? → क्या वह हमारे साथ नहीं जुड़ सकती?
- WH-Interrogative (Possibility): When might they arrive? → वे कब आ सकते हैं?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Possibility): Why might he not agree? → वह क्यों सहमत नहीं हो सकता?
6. May have – हो सकता है कि / हो सकता था
- Uses: Strong Possibility/Uncertainty in the Past
- Verb form: V3
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + may have + V3
- Negative: Subject + may not have + V3
- Interrogative: May + Subject + have + V3?
- Interrogative Negative: May + Subject + not + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + may + Subject + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + may + Subject + not + have + V3?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Strong Possibility in the Past): He may have left. → वह चला गया होगा। (होगा = past possibility)
- Negative (Strong Possibility in the Past): She may not have reached. → वह शायद नहीं पहुँची होगी। (होगा = past possibility)
- Interrogative (Strong Possibility in the Past): May she have called? → क्या उसने फोन किया होगा? (होगा = past possibility)
- Interrogative Negative (Strong Possibility in the Past): May he not have tried? → क्या उसने कोशिश नहीं की होगी? (होगा = past possibility)
- WH-Interrogative (Strong Possibility in the Past): Where may he have gone? → वह कहाँ गया होगा? (होगा = past possibility)
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Strong Possibility in the Past): Why may she not have spoken? → उसने क्यों नहीं बोला होगा? (होगा = past possibility)
7. Might have – हो सकता था कि / संभव था कि
- Uses: Weak/Uncertain Possibility in the Past, Doubt
- Verb form: V3
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + might have + V3
- Negative: Subject + might not have / mightn’t have + V3
- Interrogative: Might + Subject + have + V3?
- Interrogative Negative: Might + Subject + not + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + might + Subject + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + might + Subject + not + have + V3?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Weak/Uncertain Possibility in the Past): She might have missed the bus. → वह बस छूट गई होगी। (होगी = past possibility)
- Negative (Weak/Uncertain Possibility in the Past): He might not have seen me. → उसने मुझे शायद न देखा हो।
- Interrogative (Weak/Uncertain Possibility in the Past): Might he have forgotten? → क्या वह भूल गया होगा? (होगा = past possibility)
- Interrogative Negative (Weak/Uncertain Possibility in the Past): Might she not have tried? → क्या उसने कोशिश नहीं की होगी? (होगी = past possibility)
- WH-Interrogative (Weak/Uncertain Possibility in the Past): When might he have reached? → वह कब पहुँचा होगा? (होगा = past possibility)
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Weak/Uncertain Possibility in the Past): Why might she not have come? → वह क्यों नहीं आई होगी? (होगी = past possibility)
8. Should – चाहिए
- Uses: Advice, Duty, Moral Obligation, Moral responsibility, Advice / Suggestion
- Verb form: V1
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + should + V1
- Negative: Subject + should not / shouldn’t + V1
- Interrogative: Should + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Should + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + should + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + should + Subject + not + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Advice): You should study regularly. → तुम्हें नियमित रूप से पढ़ाई करनी चाहिए।
- Negative (Moral Obligation): You shouldn’t lie. → तुम्हें झूठ नहीं बोलना चाहिए।
- Interrogative (Duty): Should I help my friend? → क्या मुझे अपने मित्र की मदद करनी चाहिए?
- Interrogative Negative (Moral Responsibility): Shouldn’t we protect nature? → क्या हमें प्रकृति की रक्षा नहीं करनी चाहिए?
- WH-Interrogative (Suggestion): When should we start our journey? → हमें अपनी यात्रा कब शुरू करनी चाहिए?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Advice / Suggestion): Why shouldn’t we take guidance from our elders? → हमें बड़ों से मार्गदर्शन क्यों नहीं लेना चाहिए?
9. Should have – करना चाहिए था (लेकिन किया नहीं)
- Uses: Past Duty, Unfulfilled Advice, Past Mistake / Criticism, Regret
- Verb form: V3
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + should have + V3
- Negative: Subject + should not have / shouldn’t have + V3
- Interrogative: Should + Subject + have + V3?
- Interrogative Negative: Should + Subject + not + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + should + Subject + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + should + Subject + not + have + V3?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Past Duty): You should have apologized. → तुम्हें माफ़ी माँगनी चाहिए थी।
- Negative (Unfulfilled Advice): He shouldn’t have ignored the instructions. → उसे निर्देशों की अनदेखी नहीं करनी चाहिए थी।
- Interrogative (Past Mistake / Criticism): Should I have said that to her? → क्या मुझे उसे यह कहना चाहिए था?
- Interrogative Negative (Regret): Shouldn’t we have left earlier? → क्या हमें पहले नहीं निकल जाना चाहिए था?
- WH-Interrogative (Past Duty): What should he have done to solve the problem? → समस्या हल करने के लिए उसे क्या करना चाहिए था?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Unfulfilled Advice): Why shouldn’t I have followed your guidance? → मुझे आपकी सलाह का पालन क्यों नहीं करना चाहिए था?
10. Must – होगा / चाहिए (ज़रूरी / अनिवार्य है)
- Uses: Necessity / Obligation / Compulsion (होगा), Strong Advice / Prohibition (चाहिए / नहीं चाहिए), Certainty / Strong Belief (होगा),
- Verb form: V1
Rules
- Affirmative: Subject + must + V1
- Negative: Subject + must not / mustn’t + V1
- Interrogative: Must + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Must + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + must + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + must + Subject + not + V1?
Examples:
11. Must have – ज़रूर किया होगा (Past Certainty)
- Affirmative (Necessity): You must obey. → तुम्हें मानना ही होगा।
- Negative (Advice): You mustn’t be late. → तुम्हें देर नहीं करनी चाहिए।
- Interrogative (Necessity): Must we go now? → क्या हमें अब जाना ही होगा?
- Interrogative Negative (Necessity): Mustn’t we follow rules? → क्या हमें नियमों का पालन नहीं करना चाहिए?
- WH-Interrogative (Certainty): Who must attend the meeting? → बैठक में किसे आना ही होगा?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Advice): Why must I not tell the truth? → मुझे सच क्यों नहीं बताना चाहिए?
- Uses: Past certainty, strong assumption (मज़बूत अनुमान / प्रबल अनुमान / पक्का अंदाज़ा) about a past action
- Verb form: V3
- Affirmative: Subject + must have + V3
- Negative (common): Subject + cannot / can’t / couldn’t have + V3
- Negative (alternative): Subject + must not have + V3
- Interrogative: Must + Subject + have + V3?
- Interrogative Negative (common): Can’t / Couldn’t + Subject + have + V3?
- Interrogative Negative (alternative): Mustn’t + Subject + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + must + Subject + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (common): WH + can’t / couldn’t + Subject + have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (alternative): WH + mustn’t + Subject + have + V3?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Past certainty): She must have gone home. → वह ज़रूर घर गई होगी।
- Negative (common – impossibility): He can’t have stolen the money. → उसने पैसे चुराए नहीं हो सकते।
- Negative (alternative – deduction): She must not have known about the meeting. → उसे बैठक के बारे में पता नहीं रहा होगा।
- Interrogative (Past certainty): Must they have reached by now? → क्या वे अब तक पहुँच गए होंगे?
- Interrogative Negative (common): Can’t she have told you? → क्या उसने तुम्हें नहीं बताया होगा?
- Interrogative Negative (alternative): Mustn’t he have called you yesterday? → क्या उसने तुम्हें कल फोन नहीं किया होगा?
- WH-Interrogative (Past certainty): Where must she have hidden it? → उसने यह कहाँ छुपाया होगा?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (common): Why can’t he have finished it yet? → वह इसे अब तक क्यों नहीं पूरा कर पाया होगा?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (alternative): Why mustn’t they have supported him? → उन्होंने उसका साथ क्यों नहीं दिया होगा?
12. Ought to – करना चाहिए (Formal / Moral Duty)
- Uses: Duty, moral obligation, advice (formal tone)
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + ought to + V1
- Negative: Subject + ought not to + V1
- Interrogative: Ought + Subject + to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Ought + Subject + not + to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + ought + Subject + to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + ought + Subject + not + to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Moral duty): We ought to respect our parents. → हमें अपने माता-पिता का सम्मान करना चाहिए।
- Negative (Moral duty – prohibition): You ought not to waste time. → तुम्हें समय बर्बाद नहीं करना चाहिए।
- Interrogative (Advice): Ought I to help him? → क्या मुझे उसकी मदद करनी चाहिए?
- Interrogative Negative (Duty): Oughtn’t they to speak truth? → क्या उन्हें सच नहीं बोलना चाहिए?
- WH-Interrogative (Moral obligation): When ought we to start? → हमें कब शुरू करना चाहिए?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Duty): Why oughtn’t he to attend the meeting? → उसे बैठक में शामिल क्यों नहीं होना चाहिए?
13. Ought to have – करना चाहिए था (लेकिन नहीं किया)
- Uses: Unfulfilled duty, past obligation not done
- Verb form: V3
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + ought to have + V3
- Negative: Subject + ought not to have + V3
- Interrogative: Ought + Subject + to have + V3?
- Interrogative Negative: Ought + Subject + not + to have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + ought + Subject + to have + V3?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + ought + Subject + not + to have + V3?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Unfulfilled duty): She ought to have apologized. → उसे माफ़ी माँगनी चाहिए थी।
- Negative (Unfulfilled duty): He ought not to have spoken rudely. → उसे रूखे शब्द नहीं बोलने चाहिए थे।
- Interrogative (Past obligation): Ought we to have helped them? → क्या हमें उनकी मदद करनी चाहिए थी?
- Interrogative Negative (Past duty): Oughtn’t she to have told the truth? OR Ought not she to have told the truth? → क्या उसे सच नहीं बताना चाहिए था?
- WH-Interrogative (Past obligation): What ought he to have done? → उसे क्या करना चाहिए था?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Unfulfilled duty): Why oughtn’t they to have supported him? OR Why ought not they to have supported him? → उन्हें उसका साथ क्यों नहीं देना चाहिए था?
- The word “oughtn’t” (ऑट्न्ट) is the contracted form of “ought not”.
- It is old-fashioned / formal and not very common in everyday modern English (most speakers prefer “Shouldn’t” or “Wasn’t she supposed to…?”).
- Uses: Necessity, compulsion, external obligation (Present, singular subject)
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + has to + V1
- Negative: Subject + does not have to + V1
- Interrogative: Does + Subject + have to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Does + Subject + not + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + does + Subject + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + does + Subject + not + have to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Compulsion): She has to go to school daily. → उसे रोज़ स्कूल जाना पड़ता है।
- Negative (No necessity): He does not have to work today. → उसे आज काम नहीं करना है।
- Interrogative (Necessity): Does she have to wait here? → क्या उसे यहाँ इंतज़ार करना है?
- Interrogative Negative (Necessity denied): Does he not have to submit the report? OR Doesn’t he have to submit the report? → क्या उसे रिपोर्ट जमा नहीं करनी है?
- WH-Interrogative (Compulsion): When does she have to leave? → उसे कब जाना है?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No necessity): Why does he not have to pay now? OR Why doesn’t he have to pay now? → उसे अभी भुगतान क्यों नहीं करना है?
- Uses: Necessity, compulsion, external obligation (Present/Future, plural subjects or I/you/we/they)
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + have to + V1
- Negative: Subject + do not have to + V1
- Interrogative: Do + Subject + have to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Do + Subject + not + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + do + Subject + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + do + Subject + not + have to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Compulsion): We have to follow the rules. → हमें नियमों का पालन करना पड़ता है।
- Negative (No necessity): They do not have to wait here. → उन्हें यहाँ इंतज़ार नहीं करना है।
- Interrogative (Necessity): Do I have to complete this today? → क्या मुझे यह आज पूरा करना है?
- Interrogative Negative (Necessity denied): Do we not have to attend the class? → क्या हमें कक्षा में शामिल नहीं होना है?
- WH-Interrogative (Compulsion): Why do they have to leave early? → उन्हें जल्दी क्यों जाना है?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No necessity): When do we not have to pay fees? → हमें फीस कब नहीं देनी होती?
16. Had to – करना था / करना पड़ता था / करना पड़ा
- Uses: Past necessity, past compulsion (मजबूरी / विवशता / ज़बरदस्ती), external obligation in the past
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + had to + V1
- Negative: Subject + did not have to + V1
- Interrogative: Did + Subject + have to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Did + Subject + not + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + did + Subject + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + did + Subject + not + have to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Past necessity): She had to leave early. → उसे जल्दी जाना पड़ा।
- Negative (No necessity in past): We did not have to work yesterday. → हमें कल काम नहीं करना पड़ा।
- Interrogative (Necessity check): Did he have to travel alone? → क्या उसे अकेले यात्रा करनी पड़ी?
- Interrogative Negative (Necessity denied): Did they not have to attend the function? → क्या उन्हें समारोह में शामिल नहीं होना पड़ा?
- WH-Interrogative (Past compulsion): Why did you have to call him? → तुम्हें उसे क्यों बुलाना पड़ा?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No necessity): When did she not have to pay the fee? → उसे कब फीस नहीं देनी पड़ी?
17. Shall – करूंगा / करेंगे
- Uses: Formal future, promise, suggestion, determination, offer
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + shall + V1
- Negative: Subject + shall not + V1
- Interrogative: Shall + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Shall + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + shall + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + shall + Subject + not + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Promise): I shall help you. → मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूंगा।
- Negative (Refusal): We shall not break the rules. → हम नियम नहीं तोड़ेंगे।
- Interrogative (Offer): Shall I help you? → क्या मैं आपकी मदद करूँ?
- Interrogative Negative (Suggestion denied): Shall we not go for a walk? → क्या हम टहलने नहीं चलेंगे?
- WH-Interrogative (Suggestion): What shall we do now? → अब हम क्या करें?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Refusal/doubt): Why shall I not join the meeting? → मैं बैठक में क्यों नहीं शामिल होऊंगा?
18. Will – करेगा / करेंगे
- Uses: Future actions, strong intention, willingness, certainty, promise
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + will + V1
- Negative: Subject + will not + V1
- Interrogative: Will + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Will + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + will + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + will + Subject + not + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Future certainty): She will call you tomorrow. → वह तुम्हें कल फोन करेगी।
- Negative (Refusal): They will not agree to this. → वे इस पर सहमत नहीं होंगे।
- Interrogative (Future check): Will you attend the class? → क्या तुम कक्षा में आओगे?
- Interrogative Negative (Future denial): Will he not finish the work? → क्या वह काम पूरा नहीं करेगा?
- WH-Interrogative (Future plan): When will we meet again? → हम फिर कब मिलेंगे?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Future denial): Why will they not support us? → वे हमारा समर्थन क्यों नहीं करेंगे?
19. Would – करता / करता था / करता अगर … / करेगा कहा था / करेंगे / चाहेंगे / होगा / होता
Uses:
- Polite requests/offers
- Imaginary or unreal situations
- Past habits
- Future-in-past (was/were sure someone would do)
- Assumptions/Likelihood
- Doubt/refusal
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + would + V1
- Negative: Subject + would not + V1
- Interrogative: Would + Subject + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Would + Subject + not + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + would + Subject + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + would + Subject + not + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Polite offer): I would like some tea. → मैं कुछ चाय चाहूंगा।
- Negative (Refusal): He would not accept the proposal. → वह प्रस्ताव स्वीकार नहीं करता।
- Interrogative (Polite request): Would you help me? → क्या आप मेरी मदद करेंगे?
- Interrogative Negative (Doubt/refusal): Would they not support their friend? → क्या वे अपने मित्र का साथ नहीं देंगे?
- WH-Interrogative (Imagination): What would you do if you were rich? → अगर तुम अमीर होते तो क्या करते?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Imagination denied): Why would he not agree to this plan? → वह इस योजना पर सहमत क्यों नहीं होता?
20. Will have to – करना पड़ेगा
Uses: Future necessity, obligation, compulsion
Verb form: V1
Uses: Future necessity, obligation, compulsion
Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + will have to + V1
- Negative: Subject + will not have to + V1
- Interrogative: Will + Subject + have to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Will + Subject + not + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + will + Subject + have to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + will + Subject + not + have to + V1?
Examples:
21. Will be able to – करने में सक्षम होगा
- Affirmative (Future compulsion): We will have to finish this work today. → हमें यह काम आज खत्म करना पड़ेगा।
- Negative (No necessity): They will not have to wait long. → उन्हें ज़्यादा इंतज़ार नहीं करना पड़ेगा।
- Interrogative (Future necessity): Will I have to speak in the meeting? → क्या मुझे बैठक में बोलना पड़ेगा?
- Interrogative Negative (Necessity denied): Will she not have to pay the fine? → क्या उसे जुर्माना नहीं भरना पड़ेगा?
- WH-Interrogative (Future compulsion): When will you have to leave? → तुम्हें कब जाना पड़ेगा?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No necessity): Why will we not have to attend tomorrow? → हमें कल शामिल क्यों नहीं होना पड़ेगा?
- Uses: Future ability, capacity, possibility, inability
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + will be able to + V1
- Negative: Subject + will not be able to + V1
- Interrogative: Will + Subject + be able to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Will + Subject + not + be able to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + will + Subject + be able to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + will + Subject + not + be able to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Future ability): She will be able to solve the problem. → वह समस्या हल करने में सक्षम होगी।
- Negative (Inability): They will not be able to attend the meeting. → वे बैठक में शामिल नहीं हो पाएंगे।
- Interrogative (Ability check): Will he be able to win the race? → क्या वह दौड़ जीत पाएगा?
- Interrogative Negative (Inability check): Will we not be able to meet tomorrow? → क्या हम कल नहीं मिल पाएंगे?
- WH-Interrogative (Ability): When will you be able to come? → तुम कब आ पाओगे?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Inability): Why will she not be able to reach on time? → वह समय पर क्यों नहीं पहुँच पाएगी?
22. Would like to – करना पसंद करूंगा / करना चाहूंगा
- Uses: Polite wish, polite intention, desire in a respectful tone
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + would like to + V1
- Negative: Subject + would not like to + V1
- Interrogative: Would + Subject + like to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Would + Subject + not + like to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + would + Subject + like to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + would + Subject + not + like to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Polite wish): I would like to meet your parents. → मैं आपके माता-पिता से मिलना चाहूंगा।
- Negative (Polite refusal): She would not like to join this group. → वह इस समूह में शामिल होना पसंद नहीं करेगी।
- Interrogative (Polite request): Would you like to have some tea? → क्या आप थोड़ी चाय लेना चाहेंगे?
- Interrogative Negative (Polite denial): Would he not like to play with us? → क्या वह हमारे साथ खेलना पसंद नहीं करेगा?
- WH-Interrogative (Polite wish): What would you like to eat? → आप क्या खाना चाहेंगे?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Polite denial): Why would they not like to attend the party? → वे पार्टी में शामिल होना क्यों पसंद नहीं करेंगे?
23. Used to – किया करता था
- Uses: Past habits, repeated actions in the past, states in the past
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + used to + V1
- Negative: Subject + did not use to + V1
- Interrogative: Did + Subject + use to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Did + Subject + not + use to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + did + Subject + use to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + did + Subject + not + use to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Past habit): He used to play cricket every evening. → वह हर शाम क्रिकेट खेला करता था।
- Negative (No past habit): She did not use to watch TV at night. → वह रात को टीवी नहीं देखा करती थी।
- Interrogative (Habit check): Did you use to visit this park? → क्या तुम इस पार्क में आया करते थे?
- Interrogative Negative (Habit denied): Did they not use to help the poor? → क्या वे गरीबों की मदद नहीं किया करते थे?
- WH-Interrogative (Past habit): Where did he use to live? → वह कहाँ रहा करता था?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (Past habit denied): Why did she not use to sing? → वह गाना क्यों नहीं गाया करती थी?
24. Need – ज़रूरत है
- Uses: Necessity, requirement, obligation (for present/future, with I/you/we/they)
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + need + V1
- Negative: Subject + do not need to + V1
- Interrogative: Do + Subject + need to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Do + Subject + not + need to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + do + Subject + need to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + do + Subject + not + need to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Necessity): We need to study regularly. → हमें नियमित रूप से पढ़ाई करनी ज़रूरी है।
- Negative (No necessity): You do not need to worry. → तुम्हें चिंता करने की ज़रूरत नहीं है।
- Interrogative (Necessity check): Do I need to complete this form? → क्या मुझे यह फ़ॉर्म भरना ज़रूरी है?
- Interrogative Negative (No necessity): Do we not need to take permission? → क्या हमें अनुमति लेने की ज़रूरत नहीं है?
- WH-Interrogative (Necessity): When do they need to reach there? → उन्हें वहाँ कब पहुँचना ज़रूरी है?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No necessity): Why do we not need to pay today? → हमें आज भुगतान करने की ज़रूरत क्यों नहीं है?
25. Needs – ज़रूरत है
- Uses: Necessity, requirement, obligation
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + needs to + V1
- Negative: Subject + does not need to + V1
- Interrogative: Does + Subject + need to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Does + Subject + not + need to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + does + Subject + need to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + does + Subject + not + need to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Necessity): She needs to complete her homework. → उसे अपना होमवर्क पूरा करना ज़रूरी है।
- Negative (No necessity): He does not need to go there. → उसे वहाँ जाने की ज़रूरत नहीं है।
- Interrogative (Necessity check): Does the child need to sleep now? → क्या बच्चे को अब सोना ज़रूरी है?
- Interrogative Negative (No necessity): Does she not need to attend the class? → क्या उसे कक्षा में शामिल होने की ज़रूरत नहीं है?
- WH-Interrogative (Necessity): When does he need to meet the doctor? → उसे डॉक्टर से कब मिलना ज़रूरी है?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No necessity): Why does it not need to be repaired? → इसे ठीक करने की ज़रूरत क्यों नहीं है?
26. Needed – ज़रूरत थी
- Uses: Necessity or requirement in the past
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + needed to + V1
- Negative: Subject + did not need to + V1
- Interrogative: Did + Subject + need to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Did + Subject + not + need to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + did + Subject + need to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + did + Subject + not + need to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Past necessity): We needed to buy some medicine. → हमें कुछ दवाई खरीदने की ज़रूरत थी।
- Negative (No necessity in past): She did not need to work yesterday. → उसे कल काम करने की ज़रूरत नहीं थी।
- Interrogative (Necessity check in past): Did you need to visit the doctor? → क्या तुम्हें डॉक्टर के पास जाने की ज़रूरत थी?
- Interrogative Negative (No necessity check): Did they not need to attend the meeting? → क्या उन्हें बैठक में शामिल होने की ज़रूरत नहीं थी?
- WH-Interrogative (Past necessity): Why did he need to leave early? → उसे जल्दी जाने की ज़रूरत क्यों थी?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No necessity): When did she not need to help? → उसे कब मदद करने की ज़रूरत नहीं थी?
27. Dare to – हिम्मत करना / हिम्मत करता है (Challenge)
- Uses: To show courage or challenge
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + dare to + V1
- Negative: Subject + do not dare to + V1
- Interrogative: Do + Subject + dare to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Do + Subject + not + dare to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + do + Subject + dare to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + do + Subject + not + dare to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Challenge): I dare to speak the truth. → मैं सच बोलने की हिम्मत करता हूँ।
- Negative (No courage): We do not dare to break the rules. → हम नियम तोड़ने की हिम्मत नहीं करते।
- Interrogative (Challenge check): Do you dare to oppose him? → क्या तुम उसका विरोध करने की हिम्मत करते हो?
- Interrogative Negative (No challenge): Do they not dare to question the teacher? → क्या वे शिक्षक से प्रश्न करने की हिम्मत नहीं करते?
- WH-Interrogative (Challenge): Who dares to fight against injustice? → अन्याय के विरुद्ध लड़ने की हिम्मत कौन करता है?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No courage): Why do you not dare to tell the truth? → तुम सच बताने की हिम्मत क्यों नहीं करते?
28. Dares to – हिम्मत करता है
- Uses: To show courage or challenge
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + dares to + V1
- Negative: Subject + does not dare to + V1
- Interrogative: Does + Subject + dare to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Does + Subject + not + dare to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + does + Subject + dare to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + does + Subject + not + dare to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Challenge): He dares to climb the mountain. → वह पहाड़ पर चढ़ने की हिम्मत करता है।
- Negative (No courage): She does not dare to speak loudly. → वह ज़ोर से बोलने की हिम्मत नहीं करती।
- Interrogative (Challenge check): Does he dare to question the king? → क्या वह राजा से प्रश्न करने की हिम्मत करता है?
- Interrogative Negative (No challenge): Does she not dare to tell the truth? → क्या वह सच बताने की हिम्मत नहीं करती?
- WH-Interrogative (Challenge): Who dares to disturb the lion? → शेर को परेशान करने की हिम्मत कौन करता है?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No courage): Why does he not dare to oppose them? → वह उनका विरोध करने की हिम्मत क्यों नहीं करता?
29. Dared to – हिम्मत की
- Uses: To show courage or challenge in the past
- Verb form: V1
Rules:
- Affirmative: Subject + dared to + V1
- Negative: Subject + did not dare to + V1
- Interrogative: Did + Subject + dare to + V1?
- Interrogative Negative: Did + Subject + not + dare to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative: WH + did + Subject + dare to + V1?
- WH-Interrogative Negative: WH + did + Subject + not + dare to + V1?
Examples:
- Affirmative (Past courage): She dared to fight for her rights. → उसने अपने अधिकारों के लिए हिम्मत की।
- Negative (No past courage): They did not dare to enter the haunted house. → उन्होंने भूतिया घर में जाने की हिम्मत नहीं की।
- Interrogative (Past challenge check): Did he dare to speak against the minister? → क्या उसने मंत्री के खिलाफ बोलने की हिम्मत की?
- Interrogative Negative (No courage): Did she not dare to stand up? → क्या उसने खड़े होने की हिम्मत नहीं की?
- WH-Interrogative (Past challenge): Who dared to question the rule? → नियम पर प्रश्न करने की हिम्मत किसने की?
- WH-Interrogative Negative (No past courage): Why did they not dare to tell the truth? → उन्होंने सच बताने की हिम्मत क्यों नहीं की?